Các phong trào tưởng niệm biến cố Thiên An Môn - Ngô Văn

Ngô Văn

Trong suốt 19 năm qua, cứ gần đến ngày 4 tháng 6 là chính quyền Bắc Kinh ăn ngủ không yên. Họ bắt giữ người này, bao vây chỗ nọ, dập tắt ngay bất cứ những biểu hiện nào khiến người ta gợi nhớ lại biến cố và cuộc thảm sát tại quảng trường Thiên An Môn 20 năm trước đây.

Từ cả tháng trước, ngày 4 tháng 6, Quảng trường Thiên An Môn ở Bắc Kinh đã được lực lượng an ninh thay phiên nhau canh gác suốt ngày đêm. Bất cứ ai bước vào khu vực này đều không thoát khỏi ánh mắt theo dõi của công an. Hễ ba người trở lên đi chung với nhau là bị công an chặn đường xét giấy tờ ngay. Nhiều người đã bị bắt chỉ vì biểu lộ sự bất mãn về thái độ hung hãn, cùng với những lời lẽ nạt nộ, quy chụp của công an .

Có lẽ nhà cầm quyền Bắc Kinh hy vọng rằng, với thời gian lẫn sự cấm đoán nghiêm ngặt, người dân Trung Quốc sẽ quên dần, rồi chẳng mấy ai muốn nhắc và nhớ lại biến cố này nữa. Và khi mà người dân Trung Quốc không còn đề cập đến, thì dư luận thế giới cũng sẽ cho nó đi vào quên lãng.

Hai mươi năm qua, Bắc Kinh đã không đạt được hy vọng này. Hàng năm người dân Hoa lục vẫn tổ chức lễ truy điệu các nạn nhân vụ thảm sát Thiên An Môn dưới nhiều hình thức. Cho dù bị bắt bớ, đàn áp hay trù dập. Một trong những tổ chức kiên trì nhất, có thể nói là “Hội Những Người Mẹ Thiên An Môn”. Tính đến nay, hội này quy tụ được khoảng 130 bà mẹ có con bị bắn chết một cách tức tưởi tại quảng trường Thiên An Môn vào rạng sáng ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1989. Các bà mẹ này thường xuyên thu thập thêm danh sách những người bị sát hại trong biến cố đó. Hàng năm họ tổ chức lễ truy điệu, yêu cầu nhà nước cộng sản Trung Quốc sớm công khai nhận lỗi, để phục hồi danh dự cho tất cả các nạn nhân; vì họ là những người muốn Trung Quốc có tự do, dân chủ, chứ không phải là thành phần phản động như lãnh đạo đảng Cộng sản Trung quốc gán ghép. Tuy Hội này hoạt động theo đường lối ôn hòa, bất bạo động, nhưng vì công khai nên nhiều người bị chế độ đàn áp, trù dập kể cả bắt giam. Thế nhưng, họ không sờn lòng, và quyết định năm nay vẫn đến quảng trường Thiên An Môn đặt vòng hoa tưởng niệm, cho dù bị nhà nước ngăn cấm.

Một hoạt động khác khiến Bắc Kinh rất lo ngại, nhưng chẳng thể nào đối phó được. Đó là phong trào mặc áo trắng trong ngày 4 tháng 6, để vừa bày tỏ lòng thương tiếc đối với những người thiệt mạng, vừa ngầm phản kháng nhà cầm quyền. Phong trào này được các nhà tranh đấu cho dân chủ Trung Quốc phát động. Một trong những người này là ông Hồ Bình cho biết, sau biến cố Thiên An Môn, nhiều người đã bày tỏ thái độ phản kháng. Tuy nhiên, vì sự đàn áp khốc liệt của nhà cầm quyền, nên dân chúng đã không dám bày tỏ một cách công khai. Phong trào mặc áo trắng là một trong nhiều phương cách để người dân công khai bày tỏ thái độ mà không gặp mối nguy bị đàn áp. Tức là vẫn đấu tranh công khai, nhưng nhà cầm quyền không có lý cớ để đàn áp, và như thế giảm thiểu được thiệt hại. Phong trào mặc áo trắng được khởi xướng từ năm 1990, cùng với việc kêu gọi người dân đến quảng trường Thiên An Môn tản bộ vào ngày 4 tháng 6. Nhưng lúc đó chưa có internet, thông tin lại bị bưng bít, nên việc kêu gọi đồng loạt không thực hiện được.

Năm nay, với sự xuất hiện của quyển hồi ký “Tù Nhân của Nhà Nước” (Prisoner of the State) mới đây, Bắc Kinh bắt đầu phải trả giá nhiều hơn cho những dối gạt của họ xung quanh biến cố Thiên An Môn suốt 20 năm qua.

Lúc biến cố Thiên An Môn xảy ra, ông Triệu Tử Dương là Tổng bí thư đảng Cộng Sản Trung Quốc. Hồi đó ông Triệu được nhiều người dân Trung Quốc ví như Mikhail Gorbachev của Liên Xô. Ông Triệu đã đích thân đến tiếp xúc với những người đang biểu tình tại quảng trường Thiên An Môn và ủng hộ những đòi hỏi chính đáng của họ. Cuốn hồi ký viết lại những lời của chính ông Triệu Tử Dương ghi âm trước khi qua đời, cho thấy các sinh viên biểu tình ở Thiên An Môn là do thiện ý. Họ chỉ muốn đảng Cộng Sản sửa đổi, chứ không hề có ý định lật đổ chính quyền. Chính vì vậy mà cố tổng bí thư Triệu Tử Dương đã chống lại chủ trương dùng bạo lực để giải tán cuộc biểu tình. Ông không muốn trở thành người Tổng bí thư nổ súng giết dân. Thế nhưng, Ông Đặng Tiểu Bình và Thủ tướng Lý Bằng lúc đó đã không đồng ý, và ban hành lệnh giới nghiêm toàn thủ đô Bắc Kinh vào ngày 20/05/1989. Rồi khuya ngày 3 rạng ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1989, điều động quân đội, xe tăng đến đàn áp.

Biến cố Thiên An Môn đã làm cho lòng dân Trung Quốc ly tán. Thành phần thanh niên sinh viên và tầng lớp trí thức thì thất vọng về tương lai của Trung Quốc dưới thể chế độc tài đảng trị. Sự dửng dưng trước mọi chuyện của phần đông dân chúng khiến xã hội mất đi sức sống. Để hóa giải tình trạng này, đảng CSTQ phát động phong trào đề cao sự đoàn kết dân tộc, khuyến khích sinh viên, học sinh nên chăm chỉ học hành để làm giàu . Đồng thời hứa sẽ dần dần cải cách về mặt chính trị theo đường lối dân chủ tập trung. Thực tế cho thấy luận điệu ru ngủ này chẳng mấy có hiệu quả, phong trào dân chủ ở Trung quốc vẫn dần dần thăng tiến. Những người trẻ dấn thân đấu tranh sau này đều lấy biến cố Thiên An Môn làm mốc thời gian. Chính vì vậy mà đảng CSTQ luôn bị ám ảnh bởi biến cố này, coi đây là điều tối kỵ không muốn nhắc đến nữa. Do dó, nếu chẳng đặng đừng phải nhắc đến, thì họ cũng tìm cách bẻ cong sự thật. Nhưng đây chỉ là cách mua thời gian của Bắc Kinh, và cái vốn để mua này sẽ ngày càng cạn kiệt, khi mà bức màn bưng bít của Trung Quốc (cũng như các chế độ độc tài khác) ngày càng bị sự tiến bộ của truyền thông phá vỡ.

Ngô Văn

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Xem hình ảnh Thiên An Môn: http://cryptome.cn/tk/tiananmen-kill.htm

Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Declassified History

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/index.html

Captions by Associated Press
A Beijing University student leader argues with a policeman about the students' right to march as they are told not to march when emerging from their campus in Beijing, China, on April 27, 1989. Students from more than forty universities march to Tiananmen Square in protest of the April 26 editorial in the Communist Party newspaper despite warnings of violent suppression. (AP Photo/Mark Avery)	Calling for freedom and democracy, demonstrating students surround policemen near Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, Thursday afternoon on May 4, 1989. Approximately 100,000 students and workers marched toward the square demanding democratic reforms. (AP Photo/Sadayuki Mikami)
The bodies of dead civilians lie among mangled bicycles near Beijing's Tiananmen Square early June 4, 1989. Tanks and soldiers stormed the area overnight, bringing a violent end to student demonstrations for democratic reform in China. (AP Photo)	A rickshaw driver fiecely peddles the wounded people, with the help of bystanders, to a nearby hospital Sunday, June 4, 1989. PLA soldiers again fired hundreds of rounds towards angry crowds gathered outside Tiananmen Square at noon. (AP Photo/Liu Heung Shing)
Local residents loaded the wounded people on a rickshaw flatbed shortly after PLA soldiers opened fire on a crowd in this June 4, 1989 photo. On Friday, it will be 10 years since the military assault that killed hundreds and ended seven weeks of protests centered on Tiananmen Square.(AP Photo/Liu Heung Shing)	PLA soldiers locked in arms try to march past a human blockade of students outside of the Great Hall of People in this June 3, 1989 photo. Soldiers were reported to resort to teargas and amunitions. On Friday, it will be 10 years since the military assault that killed hundreds and ended seven weeks of protests centered on Tiananmen Square. (AP Photo/Liu Heung Shing)
Beijing residents ask soldiers what they were going to do with the machine gun on their dashboard as they surround and stop a carload of chinese soldiers on their way towards to Tiananmen Square in this June 3, 1989 photo. Friday June 4, 1999 is the 10th anniversary of the military assault on pro-democracy protesters who had occupied the square for seven weeks. Hundreds died in the early hours of June 4, 1989 when troops shot their way through Beijing's streets to retake the square. (AP Photo/Mark Avery, File)	A student from Beijing Normal University reads a pro-democracy statement to Chinese troops trapped by Beijing residents after being stopped on their way to Tiananmen Square in this June 3, 1989 photo. Friday June 4, 1999 is the 10th anniversary of the military assault on pro-democracy protesters who had occupied the square for seven weeks. Hundreds died in the early hours of June 4, 1989 when troops shot their way through Beijing's streets to retake the square. (AP Photo/Mark Avery)
A huge crowd gathers at a Beijing intersection where residents used a bus as a roadblock to keep troops from advancing toward Tiananmen Square in this June 3, 1989 photo. Friday June 4, 1999 is the 10th anniversary of the military assault on pro-democracy protestors who had occupied the square for seven weeks. Hundreds died in the early hours of June 4, 1989 when troops shot their way through Beijing's streets to retake the square. (AP Photo/Jeff Widener)	A student protester puts barcades in the way of an already burning armored personnel carrier that rammed through student lines during an army attack on pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in this June 4, 1989 photo. Friday June 4, 1999 is the 10th anniversary of the military assault on pro-democracy protesters who had occupied the square for seven weeks. Hundreds died in the early hours of June 4, 1989 when troops shot their way through Beijing's streets to retake the square. (AP Photo/Jeff Widener)
A Chinese man stands alone to block a line of tanks heading east on Beijing's Cangan Blvd. in Tiananmen Square on June 5, 1989. The man, calling for an end to the recent violence and bloodshed against pro-democracy demonstrators, was pulled away by bystanders, and the tanks continued on their way. The Chinese government crushed a student-led demonstration for democratic reform and against government corruption, killing hundreds, or perhaps thousands of demonstrators in the strongest anti-government protest since the 1949 revolution. Ironically, the name Tiananmen means "Gate of Heavenly Peace". (AP Photo/Jeff Widener)	A man tries to pull a Chinese soldiers away from his comrades as thousands of Beijing citizens turned out to block thousands of troops on their way towards Tiananmen Square in this June 3, 1989 photo. On Friday, it will be 10 years since the military assault that killed hundreds and ended seven weeks of protests centered on Tiananmen Square. (AP Photo/Mark Avery)
Bicycle commuters, sparse in numbers, pass through a tunnel as above on the overpass military tanks are positioned in Beijing, China, two days after the Tiananmen Square massacre,on Tuesday morning, June 6, 1989. The slogan on the wall at left reads, "Strike down martial law." (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)	A Chinese couple on a bicycle take cover at an underpass as tanks deploy overhead in eastern Beijing, China, June 5, 1989. Chinese troops crushed a pro-democracy demonstration held by students and other demading democratic reform in Tiananmen Square on June 4. (AP Photo/Liu Heung Shing)
Chai Ling, a Chinese dissident who led the pro-democracy movement in Tiananmen Square in 1989, is shown during a news conference she held with her husband, Feng Congde, in Paris, France, Wednesday, April 18, 1990. Chai warned China's communist rulers that their days are numbered and said resistance in the country is growing daily. Chai and Feng spent ten months on the run in China before reaching France earlier this month. (AP Photo/Michel Lipchitz)
This is a May 27, 1989 photo of student leader Wang Dan in Tiananmen Square Beijing calling for a city wide march. (AP Photo/Mark Avery)	Chinese dissident Wang Dan meets reporters on Capitol Hill Wednesday May 6, 1998. Wang, leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests, was released from jail 17 days ago. (AP Photo/William Philpott)
Liu Gang, a leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square democracy movement who served a six-year prison sentence in northeast China, has fled to the United States because constant police harassment in China meant he could not find work or a place to live. This 1994 file photo shows Liu on closed-circuit television in the prison when several American reporters visited during a government-approved trip. (AP Photo/Charlene Fu)	FILE--This March 4, 1994 file photo shows the guard tower at the Liaoyuan prison in northwest China's Liaoning province, the place where Chinese Tiananmen Square democracy movement dissident Liu Gang was held for six years. Gang has now escaped to the United States where he is seeking asylum. (AP Photo/Charlene Fu)
Liu Gang, a leading Chinese dissident, speaks on the phone at a friend's apartment in Cambridge, Mass., Friday, May 3, 1996. Liu, who served a six-year prison sentence for his role as a leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square democracy movement, fled China on April 27 with the help of human rights groups, and is seeking political asylum in the United States. (AP Photo/Elise Amendola)	A weeping demonstrator at Hong Kong's Victoria Park Tuesday, June 4, 1996 holds a placard asking people not to forget the Chinese suppression of the pro-democracy movement seven years ago in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. A statue symbolizing "liberty" is seen in the background. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
Chinese dissident Chen Ziming is seen in this September 1989 file photo at an unknown location. China released the ailing dissident Wednesday, November 6, 1996, just weeks before the expected arrival of U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher on a visit to improve ties. Chen, one of the organizers of the pro-democracy protests on Tiananmen Square in 1989, was freed on medical parole and arrived home Wednesday, his younger brother Chen Ziping said. (AP Photo)	A pro-democracy activist wearing a headband with the words ``Don't Forget June 4 '' and holding a lighted candle raises his fist during a candlelight vigil Tuesday, June 4, 1996 by thousands of people at Hong Kong's Victoria Park to mark the seventh anniversary of the crackdown on the pro-democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
Chinese dissident Wang Dan is seen in his family's home in Beijing in this March 8, 1994 photo. In a secretive trial lasting less than four hours, China Wedensday convicted the leader of the 1989 Tiananmen pro-democracy protests of trying to overthrow the Communist government. Wang, 27, was found guilty of "conspiring to subvert the Chinese government" and sentenced to 11 years in prison, the state-run Xinhua News Agency said. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)	FILE--Chinese senior leader Deng Xiaoping, left, shakes hands with officers of the People's Liberation Army in Beijing June 9, 1987 while former President Li Xiannian, left, looks on. In this file photo, Deng praised the military suppression of the pro-democratcy movement in an address to the officers in his first public appearance after the Tiananmen Square incident. Deng, 92, died Wednesday night, Feb. 19, 1997 in Beijing. (AP Photo/File, Xinhua News Agency)
The portrait of Mao Tse-tung overlooking Tiananmen Square faces off a statue erected in the square May 30, 1989. The statue was dubbed "The Goddess of Democracy" by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts, who modeled it after the Statue of Liberty. (AP Photo/Jeff Widener)	Chinese human rights activists and former political prisoner Harry Wu gestures while talking to the media during a rally in San Francisco's Chinatown, Sunday, June 1, 1997, during a memorial program for the victims and survivors of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre in Beijing. Off to the left is the "Goddess of Democracy" statue memorializing of the Tiananmen Square incident. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)
Demonstrators carry a banner depicting the Goddess of Democracy during a march through a Hong Kong street Sunday, June 1, 1997 to remember those killed in the crackdown on the pro-democracy movement in China eight years ago in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)	Louisa Coan, China coordinator for Amnesty International, holds a photo of Wang Weilin standing in front of tanks in Tiananmen Square in 1989 while testifying on Capitol Hill Wednesday, December 18, 1996 before the House International Relations Human Rights subcommittee hearing on China and human rights. A placard for Gen. Chi Haotian, the commander of the troops in the square, is at right. Gen. Chi did not show up for the hearing. (AP Photo/Joe Marquette)
Chinese dissident Shen Tong sits in a stairway at the Democracy for China Fund, Inc., house in Wellesley, Mass., Thursday morning, June 26, 1997. Shen Tong, a Tiananmen Square student leader, is now the president and CEO of the non-profit Democracy for China Fund. Shen says that Hong Kong's citizens should not just accept China's agenda in its takeover of Hong Kong July 1, 1997, but should be vocal to keep the agenda of a free press and democratic ideals alive. (AP Photo/Stephan Savoia)	China's Defense Minister Gen. Chi Hoatian addresses the National Defense University in Washington Tuesday, December 10, 1996. Hoatian, who oversaw the military crackdown at Tiananmen Square in 1989, said if there is a lesson to be learned from the student uprising, is is that we should educate our youth well. (AP Photo/Doug Mills)
Jian-Li Yang, vice president of the Alliance for a Democratic China, holds a photo from Tiananmen Square taken in 1989, while testifying on Capitol Hill Wednesday, December 18, 1996 before the House International Relations Human Rights subcommittee hearing on the uprising at the square. Yang broke down as he described a man and a woman, both students, who had been crushed by tanks. (AP Photo/Joe Marquette)	A masked protester waves a copy of a Chinese newspaper featuring the Tiananmen military massacre by Chinese soldiers in Hong Kong after its handover Tuesday, July 1, 1997. Britain returned Hong Kong to China after 156 years of colonial rule and the Chinese People's LIberation Army entered the city. (AP Photo)
Xiao Qiang, executive director of Human Rights in China, reads and shows a statement to the media at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Monday, April 20, 1998, on behalf of China dissident Wang Dan, a leader of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests who spent nearly six years in Chinese prisons. Wang, 29, is in good health with minor asthma and weak vision U.S. doctors said. Wang will be released from Henry Ford Hospital on Tuesday and will fly to New York City, where he will speak publicly on Thursday atthe New York Academy of Science. (AP Photo/Paul Warner)	Demonstrators holding banners march through a Hong Kong downtown street Sunday, May 31, 1998, to honor those who were killed in the bloody crackdown on the pro-democracy movement in China nine years ago. The banner in front on which is painted a demonstrator facing Chinese tanks called on people ``not to forget'' the massacre. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
Chinese dissident Wang Dan smiles as he answers questions during a news conference Thursday, April 23, 1998, in New York. Wang, who helped lead the 1989 protest in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, was released Sunday after nearly 6 years in Chinese prisons. (AP Photo/Kathy Willens)	Chinese dissident Wang Dan addresses fellow students during a demonstration in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in this May 1989 photo. China denied a report Thursday, April 2, 1998 that it made a deal with the United States to release Wang, now jailed for his leadership of 1989 pro-democracy movement. But the Chinese government left open the possibility that he could be paroled on medical grounds. The characters on Wang's headband translate as `hunger strike'. (AP Photo)
A Chinese woman looks through magazines near a poster which advertises a new book highlighting allegations of sexual harrassment against President Clinton, at a Beijing bookstore on Sunday May 24, 1998. The poster proclaims Clinton's troubles as the "number one sex scandal in the world." In the buildup to his June visit to China, Clinton is coming under pressure in the U.S. over his decision to allow exports of satellite and other technology to China, accusations of Chinese involvement in illegal campaign financing, and his planned welcome ceremony in Tiananmen Square, scene of the crackdown on democracy protestors in 1989. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)	Chinese dissident Chai Ling, a leader in the now famous Tiananmen Square democracy movement in 1989, stands before the well-known photo of a man blocking Chinese tanks during the Tiananmen demonstrations, at her apartment Wednesday, June 24, 1998 in Cambridge, Mass. Chai, who recently graduated from the Harvard University School of Business, says it bothers her that President Clinton on his upcoming trip to China will be saluting the same soldiers who shot and killed her friends. (AP Photo/Kuni)
Chinese dissident Wang Dan, left, says good bye to fellow Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng, right, following a press conference that begins a campaign to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square democracy movement in New York on Friday, Jan 15, 1999. (AP Photo/Adam Nadel)	Chinese political activist Tong Yi facilitates a conference call with colleague Ding Zilin in China, whose picture is projected on a screen, left, during a press conference for the 10th Anniversary of the Massacre at Tiananmen Square, in New York, Tuesday, June 1, 1999. Tong Yi participated in the 1989 pro-democracy movement in Beijing, which was crushed by the Chinese government and took the life of Ding Zilin's 17 year old son. Tong Yi was later detained for two years from 1994 - 1996 for her political activities in China. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)
A Chinese man holds up an umbrella with protest slogans painted on it in Beijing's Tiananmen Square Friday June 4, 1999, the 10th anniversary of the bloody military assault on pro-democracy demonstrators. The protest slogans read "Remember the 10th anniversary of the student movement" and "Privatize. Give all state property to the people". The man was quickly detained and led away by police. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)	Shen Tong, Chinese dissident and pro-democracy leader during the Tiananmen Square movement and massacre, speaks with a reporter during an interview on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., Wednesday, June 2, 1999, during a 10th anniversary commemoration of the Tiananmen massacre. Dozens of dissidents gathered at the school to mark the anniversary, the largest such gathering of exiled students since the bloodshed. (AP Photo/William Plowman)
A Chinese man wearing a T-shirt with protest slogans is tackled by a military policeman after he threw leaflets in Beijing's Tiananmen Square Friday, June 4, 1999, the 10th anniversary of the bloody military assault on pro-democracy demonstrators. The man, who claimed to be a Beijing University student, was protesting official corruption, a key complaint of the 1989 protesters. Hundreds died when troops shot their way through the city streets on June 4, 1989, to retake the square from student led demonstrators who had occupied it for seven weeks. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)	A plain clothed policeman, with a two-way radio wrapped in a newspaper, keeps watch in Beijing's Tiananmen Square Friday, June 4, 1999, the 10th anniversary of the bloody military assault on pro-democracy demonstrators. Security was increased in the square Friday in an attempt to prevent any public commemorations of the bloody crackdown. Hundreds died when troops shot their way through the city streets on June 4, 1989, to retake the square from student led demonstrators who had occupied it for seven weeks. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)
Girls hold candles as they follow the words of a song during a candlelight vigil attended by tens of thousands of people in Hong Kong's Victoria Park, Friday, June 4, 1999, to mark the 10th anniversary of the military crackdown on a pro-democracy student movement in Beijing on this day in 1989. (AP Photo/Anat Givon)	In the only part of China where commemoration of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests was allowed, tens of thousands of people attend a candlelight vigil in Hong Kong's Victoria Park, Friday, June 4, 1999 to mark the 10th anniversary of the military crackdown on a pro-democracy student movement in Beijing. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
University of Arizona Physics Professor Fang Lizhi, is shown on June 4, 1999, at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Ariz. About ten years ago, Chinese dissident Lizhi received a phone call at his home from frantic students protesting at Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government was plowing down student protesters with a violence he never predicted. He had expected beatings, perhaps, but not the gunfire he could hear over the telephone. Fang recounted the massacre during an interview recently at the University of Arizona, where he has taught physics for the past seven years. (AP Photo/The Arizona Daily Star, James S. Wood)	China's banned sect Falun Gong protesters, sitting in center, are picked up by police officers as they meditate in Tiananmen Square on Wednesday September 29, 1999 in Beijing. Taking no chances with disgruntled unemployed workers and the recent crackdown on Falungong meditators, security is tight in the capital as the city prepares for National Day celebrations this Friday, October 1. (AP Photo)
As other demonstrators look on, Xigang Zhou, right, holds a sign in Chinese that reads "Release Xu Wen Li, Qin Yongmin, Wang Youcai" three leaders of Chinese democracy parties, Saturday, June 3, 2000, near the Chinese Embassy in Washington. The demonstration to commemorate the 11th anniversary of the 1989 crackdown on demonstrators in Tiananmen Square. Below is a likeness of imprisoned Chinese dissident leader Gao Hong Ming. The man at left is unidentified. (AP Photo/Hillery Smith Garrison)	About 20,000 people stage a candlelight vigil at Hong Kong's Victoria Park Monday, June 4, 2001, to mark the 12th anniversary of the millitary crackdown, at Tiananmen Square, on a pro-democracy student movement in Beijing on the same day in 1989.( AP Photo/Vincent Yu )
Zhang Poli, former Chinese student activist, gestures as he recounts the Tiananmen massacre in Beijing 12 years ago while he attends a panel discussion Sunday, June 3, 2001, in Taipei. Zhang and another former Chinese student activist urged Taiwanese to keep pressuring China for democracy and to shun the lure of the mainland's economic prospects. (AP Photo/Jerome Favre)	Demonstrators hold candles and sing as they take part in a candlelight vigil in Hong Kong's Victoria Park on Tuesday June 4, 2002, to commemorate the 13th anniversary of the military crackdown on protests in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Local media reported that 10,000 Hong Kong residents showed up to mourn the army assault which killed hundreds, perhaps thousands, of unarmed demonstrators on June 4, 1989. (AP Photo/Anat Givon)
Sharon, 20, niece of detained Chinese dissident Yang Jian-Li, pictured on poster, ties yellow ribbons and hang posters as they protest for his release across from the Chinese embassy in Washington, Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003. Yang, a 38-year-old U.S. educated pro-democracy activist, was detained by Chinese authorities on April 27, 2002 when he returned to China for the first time since the 1989 pro-democracy demonstrations at Tiananmen Square. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)	Holding a burning letter to Zhu Rongji, a protester shouts slogans Tuesday, Nov. 19, 2002 during a demonstration outside Hong Kong's convention center where China's Premier Zhu Rongji was to address a gathering of accountants from around the world. About 20 activists demanded an accounting for China's decision to bring in the military to crush pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing's Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
Christina Fu, right, the wife of Chinese pro-democracy activist Yang Jianli, shown on poster, along with Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., left, and Yang's sister Jian Guo, center, hold a vigil marking the one year anniversary of his detention in China in front of the Chinese embassy in Washington Thursday, April 24, 2003. Yang, a U.S. educated pro-democracy activist, was detained by Chinese authorities on April 26, 2002 when he returned to China for the first time since the 1989 pro-democracy demonstrationsat Tiananmen Square. On poster, Yang is pictured with his seven-year-old son Aaron, and it reads "Bring my father home." (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)	More than more than 12,000 stage a candlelight vigil at Hong Kong's Victoria Park Wednesday, June 4, 2003, to mark the 14th anniversary of the millitary crackdown on a pro-democracy student movement in Beijing on the same day in 1989. Hundreds of activists demanded Beijing provide an honest accounting of the Tiananmen Square massacre, while voicing fears that such demonstrations may not be allowed after Hong Kong enacts a planned anti-subversion law. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
A protester carrying a placard takes part in a mass rally against a proposed anti-subversion bill, held in Hong Kong on Tuesday, July 1, 2003. The territory's top leader Tung Chee-hwa is under mounting pressure to respond to the massive march by 500,000 people who opposed an anti-subversion bill. The rally was the biggest here since 1 million people demonstrated against China's crackdown on the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement in June 1989. (AP Photo/Anat Givon)	Military surgeon Jiang Yanyong is seen in a Beijing hotel room Monday, Feb. 9, 2004. Jiang, who shot to fame by exposing the extent of China's SARS outbreak last year, has called on the government to admit it made mistakes during the deadly 1989 crackdown on the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement. (AP Photo/Hu Jia)
Police stand outside the home of a Chinese dissident in Beijing days before the 15th anniversary of the June 4, 1989 crackdown on the Tiananmen Square-based democracy protests. A number of political dissidents are being held under virtual house arrest in an effort to prevent them from publicly commemorating the 1989 massacre. (AP Photo/str)	Zhang Boli, left, and Wang Chaohua look on during a news conference at the National Press Club in Washington, Thursday, June 3, 2004 to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Chaohua and Boli, both United States students at the time, were present at the massacre. (AP Photo/Lauren Burke)
Tens of thousands of residents take part in a candlelight vigil in Hong Kong's Victoria Park on Friday, June 4, 2004, marking the 15th anniversary of the crackdown by the Chinese government on pro-democracy activists in Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989. Ever since Beijing sent tanks and troops to crush the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy movement, Hong Kong residents have led a candlelight vigil on the anniversary. Thousands of protesters demanded that China admit mistakes in its bloody crackdown onthe nonviolent student protesters that killed hundreds if not thousands. (AP Photo/Anat Givon)	Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, right in 2nd row, and Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, left in 2nd row, vote at the start of the National People's Congress in Beijing, China, March 25, 1988. Zhao, 85, the former Chinese Communist Party leader who was ousted after the 1989 Tiananmen Square prodemocracy protests, died Monday, Jan. 17, 2005 at a Beijing hospital, a prominent human rights activist said, citing Zhao's family. (AP Photo/Neal Ulevich)
A man cleans a plaque below "The Pillar of Shame," a monument built to mourn the victims who died in a bloody crackdown on the student pro-democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989 after they placed chrysanthemums to mark the May 4 movement in China at the Hong Kong University Wednesday, May 4, 2005. May 4 is the date of a 1919 student uprising over a treaty that ceded part of China to Japan, but students in the past had used the occasion to demand for democratization and modernization in China. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)	Several hundred people march on a downtown street in Hong Kong Sunday, May 29, 2005 to denounce China's bloody crackdown on pro-democracy protesters occupying Tiananmen Square in June 1989 - a move that stunned locals in this then-British colony years away from returning to Chinese rule. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng speaks during a debate on 'Communism and Human Rights in China,' in Paris, Monday, May 30, 2005 ahead of the 16th anniversary of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square crackdown on the democracy protests, which left hundreds dead. (AP Photo/Jacques Brinon)	Chinese protesters shout a slogan during a rally marking the 16th anniversary of the Tiananmen crackdown on pro-democracy activists in Beijing, in front of the Chinese Consulate in Seoul, South Korea, Friday, June 3, 2005. About 100 Chinese demonstrators demanded the release of political prisoners and democratic figures in China. The letters read " Release." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
Senior Chinese diplomat Chen Yonglin holds up his Chinese consular identity card to the media at a rally to commemorate the June 4, 1989 crackdown on the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protests in Beijing, in Sydney, Australia, Saturday, June 4, 2005. Chen, the consul for political affairs at the Chinese consulate-general in Sydney, abandoned his post and is seeking political asylum in Australia, came out of hiding Saturday to address a pro-democracy rally. (AP Photo/Mark Baker)	Hong Kong radical legislator "Long Hair" Leung Kwok-hung, also known as a veteran street protester,center, is surrounded by police officers, as he wears T-shirt showing the tanks at Beijing's Tiananmen Square in 1989 and a message of "People will not forgot," at a hotel in southern China's city of Guangzhou Sunday, Sept. 25, 2005. Hong Kong's pro-democracy lawmakers, some banned from mainland China for years, crossed the border for an unprecedented visit Sunday _ a trip that may signal a new strategy by Beijing to stop snubbing the legislators, once branded traitors to the motherland. All 60 members of Hong Kong's legislature were invited on the whirlwind two-day tour of neighboring Guangdong province, once known as Canton _ a top manufacturing base powered by heavy investment from Hong Kong companies. (AP Photo/Kin Cheung)
** FILE ** Dressed in a People's Liberation Army uniform, Deng Xiaoping, left, chairman of Chinese Military Commission, and General-Secretary Hu Yaobang, right, salute as they review military parade in this file photo taken in Sept. 1981. China announced plans Tuesday, Nov. 15, 2005, to commemorate the birthday of deposed leader Hu Yaobang, whose death prompted mourning that led to pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. The move suggests the Chinese leadership plans to rehabilitate the reputation of Hu, who was fired in 1987 as general secretary of the ruling Communist Party's central committee. (AP Photo/Xinhua via Kyodo, FILE)	A Hong Kong citizen pays tribute to late Chinese leaders Zhao Ziyang, left, and Hu Yaobang in downtown Mongkok area in Hong Kong on Sunday, Jan. 15, 2006. The street-side memorial corner was set up by activists commemorating the first anniversary of the death of Zhao, who was purged from his party leader position in 1989 after sympathizing with pro-democracy demonstrations centered around Tiananmen Square. Hu, Zhao's predecessor, was dismissed as Communist Party general secretary in 1987 by then-supreme leader Deng Xiaoping for allowing student protests. (AP Photo/Lo Sai Hung )