Gunfire, explosions heard in Tripoli

U.S., British and French forces launched attacks on Moammar Gadhafi's forces on Saturday
after the Libyan leader refused to stop attacking Libyan civilians in the North African country's civil war.

By the CNN Wire Staff
March 20, 2011
Updated 0310 GMT (1110 HKT)

Tripoli, Libya (CNN) -- Explosions and anti-aircraft fire thundered in the skies above Tripoli early Sunday, but it was not clear whether they resulted from another round of cruise missile attacks by allies determined to stop Moammar Gadhafi's offensive against Libyan opposition forces.

STORY HIGHLIGHTS British jets flew 3,000 miles to bomb targets Explosions, gunfire heard overnight in Tripoli Gadhafi supporters rally in Tripoli Gadhafi vows to counter "naked aggression"

CNN's Nic Robertson witnessed the development a few hours after nearly 1,000 people gathered at Gadhafi's palace in the capital. The crowd chanted, waved flags and shot off fireworks in support of the government.

A defiant Gadhafi said Libya will fight back against undeserved "naked aggression." His military claimed nearly 50 people, including, women, children and clerics, were killed in Saturday evening's attacks. There was no independent confirmation of that statement.

American, French and British military forces, convinced that Gadhafi was not adhering to a United Nations-mandated cease-fire, hammered Libyan military positions with missiles and fighter jets in the first phase of an operation that will include enforcement of a no-fly zone.

An eyewitness in Tripoli reported seeing signs of gunfire rising Sunday morning from the direction of nearby Mitiga Airport. The anti-Gadhafi activist said she heard "continuous gunshots" and at least two loud explosions. It was not clear if the airport was also being used as a military installation.

The eyewitness, who was not identified for security reasons, said she did not hear the sound of flying aircraft.

More than 110 Tomahawk missiles fired from American and British ships and submarines hit about 20 Libyan air and missile defense targets in western portions of the country, U.S. Vice Adm. William Gortney said at a Pentagon briefing.

The U.S. will conduct a damage assessment of the sites, which include SA-5 missiles and communications facilities. A senior U.S. military official, who was not authorized to speak on the record, said the cruise missiles, which fly close to the ground or sea at about 550 miles per hour, landed near Misrata and Tripoli.

The salvo, in an operation dubbed "Odyssey Dawn," was meant "to deny the Libyan regime from using force against its own people," said Gortney.

U.S. Navy photos showed flashes of light and smoke funnels as missiles soared from a destroyer into the night sky.

Earlier, French fighter jets deployed over Libya fired at a military vehicle Saturday, the first strike against Gadhafi's military forces, which earlier attacked the rebel stronghold of Benghazi.

Prime Minister David Cameron said late Saturday that British forces also are in action over Libya. "What we are doing is necessary, it is legal and it is right," he said. "I believe we should not stand aside while this dictator murders his own people."

British Defense Secretary Liam Fox said the Royal Air Force deployed Tornado GR4 fast jets, which flew 3,000 miles from the United Kingdom and back, "making this the longest-range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the (1982) Falklands conflict."

While there were no U.S. warplanes flying over Libya late Saturday, the coalition was softening Libyan positions before enforcing a no-fly zone, Gortney said.

The Libyan military, in a statement broadcast on state TV, said, "An enemy attacked the state on March 19th with rockets ... Those enemies killed 48 martyrs -- mostly women, children, and religious clerics. They left more than 150 injured. The majority of these attacks were on public areas, hospitals and schools. They frightened the children and women near those areas that were subject to this aggression."

Gadhafi, speaking early Sunday on Libyan state TV, said the U.N. charter provides for Libya's right to defend itself in a "war zone." Weapons depots will be opened, he said.

"All you people of the Islamic nations and Africa, and Latin America and Asia, stand with the Libyan people in its fight against this aggression," Gadhafi said.

Air attacks on several locations in Tripoli and Misrata have caused "real harm" to civilians, a Libyan government spokesman said.

An eyewitness in Misrata said Gadhafi's forces are targeting fuel and power stations in an effort to make citizens believe the damage is being done by coalition forces. The eyewitness, who was not identified for security reasons, said people celebrated allied airstrikes on loyalist positions in the city. CNN could not verify the account.

Shortly after the first missile attacks, U.S. President Barack Obama informed the American people of the efforts by a "broad coalition."

"The use of force is not our first choice," the president said from Brasilia, Brazil. "It is not a choice I make lightly. But we cannot stand idly by when a tyrant tells his own people that there will be no mercy."

Obama is planning for the U.S. portion of the military action in Libya to only last for a few days, according to a senior administration official, who was not authorized to speak about sensitive military matters.

"After that we'll take more of a supporting role," the senior official said.

Obama authorized U.S. military force from Brazil on what happened to be the eighth anniversary of the start of the war in Iraq.

Coalition partners say Gadhafi has failed to adhere to a United Nations resolution that imposed the no-fly zone and ordered him to stop attacks on civilians.

"He's clearly been on the offensive," the senior U.S. military official said of Gadhafi. "He said that he was going to do a cease-fire and he continued to move his forces into Benghazi."

Earlier Saturday, Gadhafi issued defiant messages to international powers.

"I have all the Libyan people with me and I'm prepared to die. And they are prepared to die for me. Men, women and even children," Gadhafi said in a letter addressed to Obama and read to reporters by a government spokesman in Tripoli.

Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Gortney used the term "unique capabilities" to describe the U.S. part of the effort. Officials have said American military forces are meant to augment Arab, European and other Western troops.

In the next few days, U.S. military officials expect to hand over control to a coalition commander. Canada and Italy also are part of the coalition.

"Our air force will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gadhafi against the population of Benghazi," said French President Nicolas Sarkozy, speaking after a top-level meeting in Paris over the Libyan crisis.

The international meeting -- which included Western and Arab partners -- focused on how to take on a Libyan government bent on destroying the fledgling opposition movement under the U.N. resolution authorizing force to protect civilians against the Gadhafi government.

Rebel forces in Benghazi used a captured army tank as a victory symbol, CNN's Arwa Damon reported.

Earlier Saturday, incoming artillery rounds landed inside Benghazi, and pro-Gadhafi tanks rolled into the town firing rounds, witnesses said.

A flaming fighter jet plummeted from the sky, nose-diving to the ground. Khaled el-Sayeh, the opposition military spokesman, said the plane was an old MiG-23 that belonged to the rebels.

As night fell over Benghazi on Saturday, the city became quiet and calm. While plumes of smoke could be spotted, the pro-Gadhafi tanks seen earlier were not in sight. El-Sayeh told CNN that "tens" had been killed in Benghazi on Saturday.

He said Gadhafi forces had withdrawn from the city and that they were positioned 50 kilometers (31 miles) outside Benghazi. CNN could not independently verify those details.

Gadhafi -- in a separate letter addressed to Sarkozy, Cameron and U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon -- called the U.N. moves "invalid" because the resolution does not permit intervention in the internal affairs of other countries.

Violence has raged in Libya following protests calling for democracy and freedom and demanding an end to Gadhafi's almost 42-year-long rule. It's a conflict spurred by anti-government protest and resulting regime violence against civilians -- which the U.N. resolution cites as "outrageous" and Sarkozy calls "murderous madness."

CNN's Arwa Damon, Chris Lawrence, Jill Dougherty, Elise Labott, Ed Henry, Jim Bittermann, Paula Newton, Richard Roth and Nic Robertson contributed to this report

Did Britain try to assassinate Lenin?

By Mike Thomson
Presenter, Document, Radio 4

Lenin survived an assassination attempt in 1918 although he was badly wounded

Nearly a century ago, Britain was accused of masterminding a failed plot to kill Lenin and overthrow his fledgling Bolshevik regime. The British government dismissed the story as mere Soviet propaganda - but new evidence suggests it might be true.

For decades what became known as the "Lockhart plot" has been etched in the annals of the Soviet archives, taught in schools and even illustrated in films.

In early 1918, in the final months of World War I, Russia's new Bolshevik government was negotiating a peace deal with Germany and withdrawing its exhausted troops from the front.

This did not please London. The move would enable Berlin - which had been fighting a war on two fronts - to reinforce its forces in the West.

Determined to get the Russians back into the war on the Allied side, the British despatched a young man in his 30s to be London's representative in Moscow.

His name was Robert Bruce Lockhart.

Supporting anti-Bolsheviks

Lockhart, a Scot, was a colourful character. Known for his love of wine, women and sports, he also prided himself on his alleged ability to read five books at the same time.

Robert Bruce Lockhart in 1955

At first, the well-read Lockhart seemed to be making progress on the issue but, in March that year, the Soviets signed the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany, so ending hope of them rejoining the war with the Allies.

Lockhart, it seems, had no intention of giving up.

Instead, the suggestion is, his attention was now turning to overthrowing the Bolshevik regime and replacing it with another government that would be willing to re-enter the war against Germany.

Documents show that, in June, Lockhart asked London for money to fund various anti-Bolshevik organisations in Moscow.

This letter, marked "urgent", was sent from the Foreign Office to the Treasury. It sums up the Foreign Secretary's attitude to the Moscow's representative's request:

"Mr. Balfour is of the opinion that the moment has arrived when it has become necessary to take this action, and I am to request that you will move the Lords Committee to give the necessary sanction for the expenditure of such funds as Mr. Lockhart can collect for this purpose."

Counter-revolution

Timeline 1914 outbreak of World War I between the Allies (France, Russia, Great Britain) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey) 1917 A popular revolution led by the Bolsheviks leads to the abdication of the tsar and the overthrow of his government 1918 WWI ends; Tsar Nicholas is killed; civil war breaks out in which Lenin's Red Army eventually defeats the White Russians (or anti-communists) who are aided by many foreign powers

In late May, the British decided to send a small military force to Archangel in northern Russia.

The official line was that the troops were going to prevent thousands of tonnes of British military equipment, supplied to the Russians, from falling into German hands.

However, documents from the day suggest that plans were later drawn up for these 5,000 British troops to join forces with 20,000 crack Latvian troops who were guarding the Kremlin but could, it was thought, be turned against the Bolsheviks.

In the summer of 1918, Lockhart sent a telegram to London following a meeting with a local opponent of the Bolsheviks called Savinkov.

It read: "Savinkov's proposals for counter-revolution. Plan is how, on Allied intervention, Bolshevik barons will be murdered and military dictatorship formed."

Underneath that telegram is a note bearing the signed initials of Lord Curzon, who was then a member of the British War Cabinet.

It says: "Savinkoff's methods are drastic, though if successful probably effective, but we cannot say or do anything until intervention has been definitely decided upon."

'Ace of Spies'

Meanwhile Lockhart had teamed up in Moscow with another highly colourful character.

Sidney Reilly, a Russian who had earlier changed his name from Rosenbloom, was a flamboyant, high-rolling entrepreneur who had recently begun working for the British Secret Services.

He became known as the Ace of Spies, made famous in books of derring-do, and was even credited as being the inspiration for Alexander Fleming's James Bond.

But both were soon in for a shock.

In the late summer of 1918, an attempt was made in Moscow to assassinate Lenin. He was shot twice from close range by a young Russian woman.

The Bolshevik's secret police, the Cheka, arrested Bruce Lockhart a few hours later and he was taken to the Kremlin for questioning.

Reilly escaped the Cheka's clutches on that occasion but was shot dead several years later after being lured back into Russia.

According to Cheka records, Lockhart confessed to being part of a plot proposed by London to kill Lenin and overthrow the Bolshevik government. But in early October 1918, Britain's representative to Moscow was freed in an exchange for his Russian counterpart in London.

'Economical with the truth'

In his best selling book, Memoirs of a British Agent published in the 1930s, Lockhart insisted that he had played no part either in attempts to kill Lenin or overthrow the Bolshevik government.

Read the full letter from Lockhart's son

Instead, he insisted that the maverick "Ace of Spies" Sidney Reilly was the man behind plans for a coup.

Lockhart added that he had little to do with Reilly who some claimed was out of control.

However, a letter written by Lockhart's son, Robin, has been discovered in archives in America. It suggests that his father was being rather economical with the truth:

"If the question of my father's relationship with Reilly still exercises anyone's mind in the F.O., it is clear from his book Memoirs of a British Agent that once intervention in Russia had been decided on in 1918, he gave his active support to the counter-revolutionary movement with which, of course, Reilly was actively working.

"My father has himself made it clear to me that he worked much more closely with Reilly than he had publicly indicated…"

Whitehall 'pretence'

The man who found that letter, Professor Robert Service, believes the only way to be sure of the truth would be to gain access to the rest of the files from the day.

But, more than 90 years later, the British government continues to keep many of them secret. All, in Robert Service's view, to maintain the myth that Lockhart-style plots have not - nor ever would be - countenanced by London.

"Britain today has a policy for its intelligence services that is openly averse to subverting foreign governments or assassinating foreign political leaders," he says.

"My guess is that the thinking in Whitehall is that the pretence ought to be that this has always been the case. That the British have always been clean.

"The British haven't always been clean. They have been as dirty as anyone else."

Document: The Lockhart Plot will be broadcast on Monday 21 March at 2000 GMT on BBC Radio 4 and will also be available on the BBC iPlayer

Libya assault:: UN's calculated gamble

British Operation Ellamy

Latest: U.S., allies strike more than 20 targets in Libya

By Caroline Wyatt
Defence correspondent,
BBC News

French forces have already flown a mission over Libya

Some of the earliest key targets in the UN-backed assault on Libya are likely to be Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's command and control capabilities, as well as his air defences, which could still pose a threat to foreign aircraft.

British Prime Minister David Cameron has said that British forces are already in action in the Libya operation, which is codenamed Operation Ellamy in the UK (the Americans are calling it Odyssey Dawn).

At their home bases in the UK, Tornado GR4 ground attack aircraft and Typhoons for the air-to-air attack role are well prepared for what is to come.

British warships are already off the coast in Libya to ensure the arms embargo is respected.

Submarines have also been deployed for this mission, while experts say they would expect special forces to be in Libya already, having prepared the ground and assessed targets - their role, to send back vital information to those preparing and conducting the strikes from the skies or the seas.

The French have already bombed Libyan tanks and jeeps.
Demoralising Gaddafi's forces

The main British contribution to this coalition are fighter jets, Sentinel R1 and Nimrod R1 reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft (AWACs) to give vital information about what's happening on the ground, plus VC10 tanker planes for air-to-air-refuelling.

As part of the broad coalition, the US is also helping to remove the threat from Libya's air defences with sea-launched missiles.

However, commanders will face tough decisions on what to target in the coming hours and days, so accurate intelligence from the ground is essential.

While the hi-tech jets provided by France, the UK, Denmark, Norway, Canada and others should be able to dominate the skies easily, the mission to protect Libya's civilians runs a host of risks - from the dangers faced by pilots involved in the bombing raids, to the danger of civilian casualties if something goes wrong, especially with Col Gaddafi's forces so close to Benghazi.

For the allies in the air, it is a calculated gamble. The UN resolution is wide-ranging, giving the coalition leeway not just to disable Col Gaddafi's air defences but also target Libyan ground forces.

The hope is that this international show of strength from the air will demoralise his forces rapidly, and encourage them to flee or defect.

At the very least, his ground forces will need to be pushed back from Benghazi and other rebel areas, if civilians are to be protected from attack. The Libyan forces loyal to Col Gaddafi already have very stretched supply lines across the open desert, which will be vulnerable to attack.

But while the coalition in the air has a huge array of resources, those taking part are all too aware that their enormous firepower must be used carefully to ensure they do not endanger the very people the allies are there to protect.
------

Gunfire, explosions heard in Tripoli

By the CNN Wire Staff
March 20, 2011
-- Updated 0213 GMT (1013 HKT

Tripoli, Libya (CNN) -- Explosions and anti-aircraft fire thundered in the skies above Tripoli early Sunday, but it was not clear whether they resulted from another round of cruise missile attacks by allies determined to stop Moammar Gadhafi's offensive against Libyan opposition forces.

CNN's Nic Robertson witnessed the development a few hours after nearly 1,000 people gathered at Gadhafi's palace in the capital. The crowd chanted, waved flags and shot off fireworks in support of the government.

A defiant Gadhafi said Libya will fight back against undeserved "naked aggression." His military claimed nearly 50 people, including, women, children and clerics, were killed in Saturday evening's attacks.

American, French and British military forces, convinced that Gadhafi was not adhering to a United Nations-mandated cease-fire, hammered Libyan military positions with missiles and fighter jets in the first phase of an operation that will include enforcement of a no-fly zone.

Coalition launches Libya attacks

Operation "Odyssey Dawn"
US missile strikes on Libya

Obama OKs missile strikes on Libya

AAP March 20, 2011

President Barack Obama approved US missile strikes on Libya, warning a defiant Muammar Gaddafi that "actions have consequences" but stressing no US ground troops would deploy to the North African nation.

"Today, I authorised the armed forces of the United States to begin a limited military action in Libya," said Obama.

Pentagon officials said US and British warships and submarines fired 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Libya's air defence systems in "Operation Dawn," the first phase of military action against Libya to impose a UN-mandated no-fly zone.

"We must be clear: actions have consequences, and the writ of the international community must be enforced," Obama told reporters while on an official visit to Brazil.

Gaddafi had defiantly warned France, Britain and the United States that they will regret interfering in his country's affairs, following a UN resolution that allowed the use of force to protect civilians from advancing pro-Gaddafi forces.

The US president stressed, however, that the operation would not expand into US boots on the ground in Libya.

"As I said yesterday, we will not - I repeat - we will not deploy any US troops on the ground," Obama said.

The Pentagon said the barrage of Tomahawk cruise missiles struck more than 20 targets, including surface-to-air sites, early warning sites, and communications facilities.

The first missile struck at 1900 GMT following air strikes carried out earlier by French warplanes.

"I want the American people to know that the use of force is not our first choice, and it's not a choice that I make lightly," Obama said.

"But we cannot stand idly by when a tyrant tells his people that there will be no mercy, and when his forces step up their assault on cities like Benghazi and Misrata where innocent men and women face brutality and death at the hands of their own government."

******
A joint operation to enforce a UN-backed no-fly zone over Libya has begun. Here we look at some of the British and French fighter jets and reconnaissance aircraft likely to be involved.

UK AIRCRAFT

Typhoon - Eurofighter


Typhoon

* Crew: 1
* Speed: 2 Mach
* Weapons: Air-to-air missiles (AMRAAM, ASRAAM),Brimstone, Enhanced Paveway, Paveway IV

The RAF's Typhoon, or Eurofighter, is an agile aircraft which could be used in air-to-air combat if the Libyan airforce tries to get airborne.

Typhoons were built to criteria set by the UK, Spain, Germany and Italy to replace the Tornado fighter. It boasts stealth technology and weapons systems include medium and short-range air-to-air missiles and various air-to-ground weapons.

The Typhoon entered service with the RAF in 2003, primarily based at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire and RAF Leuchars in Scotland. It has also been operational in the Falkland Islands since September 2009.

Tornado


Tornado GR4

* Crew: 2
* Max speed: 1.3 Mach
* Weapons: Storm Shadow, Brimstone, ALARM, AIM-9 Sidewinder, Paveway II, Paveway III, Enhanced Paveway, General Purpose Bombs, Mauser 27mm cannon
* Source: RAF

The Tornado has been one of the mainstays of the RAF since first entering service in 1980 and the aircraft were used to enforce no-fly zones in Iraq.

It is mainly used as a strike or attack aircraft and could have a key role in taking out Libyan surface-to-air missile systems.

Weapons such as the Storm Shadow cruise missile mean that the Tornado can hit targets from a significant distance. The MOD describes the missile as being designed for "long range, highly accurate, deep penetration" against enemy command and control bunkers. It is fired from a Tornado GR4.

Tornado GR4s are also equipped with Brimstone missiles, an effective anti-armour weapon and can also be used for all-weather, day and night tactical reconnaissance.

Nimrod


Nimrod R1

* Crew: 29
* Speed: 360 knots

Nimrod R1 reconnaissance aircraft, derivative of the maritime patrol version, are expected to be involved in surveillance operations.

The suite of monitoring systems are used for reconnaissance and gathering electronic intelligence. It can sit over an area, flying at low speeds for long periods - which can be extended by mid-air refuelling.

The Nimrod R1s are operated by No 51 Squadron, from RAF Waddington.

Sentinel


Sentinel R1

* Crew: 5
* Speed: 0.89 Mach
* Systems: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI)

The Sentinel R1 aircraft, used in intelligence operations in Afghanistan, is also expected to be used in any Libya mission.

It is part of the Sentinel system which is made up of air, land and support segments.

The aircraft are converted Bombardier Global Express aircraft which are fitted with radar and monitoring systems which can be used to track and target enemy ground forces.

The reconnaissance aircraft is scheduled to be scrapped after the UK withdraws its forces from Afghanistan.

FRENCH AIRCRAFT

France is clearly one of the key players in this crisis.

In diplomatic terms it has been one of the main promoters of UN Security Council resolution 1973 allowing the use of force. French aircraft, thought to be Rafale fighters, according to reports from Paris, have been the first to operate over Libya ensuring, according to French President Nicolas Sarkozy, that Libyan government aircraft cannot operate over the Benghazi.

Dassault Rafale


Dassault Rafale

Crew: 1/2
Speech: 1.8 Mach
Weapons: Air-to-ground missile, including Apache and Exocet, air-to-air missiles and anti-ship missiles

The Dassault Rafale is a multi-role, twin-engined delta wing aircraft capable of mounting air defence, ground attack, and reconnaissance missions.

It is operated by the French Air Force and a variant of the plane is the mainstay of the French Navy, operating from the carrier Charles de Gaulle.

The Rafale carries a sophisticated electronic survival system named Spectra. It can detect and track up to eight targets simultaneously and generate 3D maps for navigation and targeting.

Mirage 2000


Mirage 2000

Crew: 1/2
Speed: 2.2 Mach
Weapons: built-in twin DEFA 554 30mm revolver-type cannons. Air-to-air missiles

Again a multi-role fighter, the descendant of the famous Mirage III of the 1960s. Entered service in 1982 but some were extensively modernised in the late 1980s to fill a gap until the Rafale entered service. There is also a strike version of the aircraft, the Mirage 2000D.

Mirage F1

This is an older model from the Mirage stable, the first aircraft entering service in 1983. While there are several variants, the most important in current front-line service is the Mirage F1CR which is a highly specialised reconnaissance platform carrying cameras, and optical and electronic sensors.

F-18 Hornet


F-18 Hornet

Crew: 1/2
Speed: 1.7 Mach
Weapons: Vulcan cannon. Four AIM-9M Sidewinders - supersonic, heat-seeking air-to-air missiles

The Canadian Air Force's front-line multi-role fighter used for air superiority and tactical support.

Canada has committed six Hornets to help enforce the no-fly zone. The Canadian jets were seen at Prestwick airport in Scotland on Saturday where they landed for a refuelling stop before heading towards the Mediterranean.

The aircraft is equipped with a sophisticated radar system that can track targets in all weather and from great distances. A Sniper Advanced Targeting pod, which contains an infra-red (heat-sensitive) camera and TV camera, allows pilots to see targets at night and in low visibility conditions.

The pod also has a laser designator to guide precision bombing, and a laser spot tracker. The newly acquired Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) allows the pilot to effectively designate targets anywhere around the aircraft.

Libya: Coalition launches attacks

French Rafale jets flew reconnaissance missions over Libya on Saturday before the bombing began

19 March 2011
Last updated at 20:42 GMT

The UK, the US and France have begun attacking Libya as enforcement of the UN-mandated no-fly zone gets under way.

More than 110 missiles have been fired by the UK and US, officials at the Pentagon say.

UK Prime Minister David Cameron has confirmed that British planes are in action over Libya. Earlier, French planes destroyed Libyan vehicles.

Western planes bombed targets in the capital, Tripoli, said the AFP news agency, quoting witnesses and state TV.

US President Barack Obama, speaking during a visit to Brazil, said the US was taking "limited military action" as part of a "broad coalition".

"We cannot stand idly by when a tyrant tells his people there will be no mercy," he said.

He repeated that no US ground troops would take part.

'Necessary'

A British submarine has fired a number of missiles at Libyan air defence targets, the Ministry of Defence said.

Mr Cameron said that launching military action against Libya was "necessary, legal and right".

Libyan state TV reported that what it called the "crusader enemy" had bombed civilian areas of Tripoli, as well as fuel storage tanks supplying the western city of Misrata.

Sources in Tripoli told BBC Arabic that the attacks on the city had so far targeted the eastern areas of Sawani, Airport Road, and Ghasheer. These are all areas believed to host military bases.

Libya conflict mapped

Key locations

After more than 40 years in power, Libyan leader Col Muammar Gaddafi is facing the greatest threat to his rule. Rebels control much of the east of the country and pockets of resistance are spread across the country.

Unrest broke out across Libya on 16 February after the arrest of a human rights lawyer. Events quickly escalated with rebels seizing control of several coastal cities and senior Libyan diplomats defecting overseas. Col Gaddafi is firmly in control of the capital Tripoli, and his forces have made gains against the rebels in areas east and west of the city.

Explore the maps by clicking on the tabs above to see who controls what and where the latest clashes have occurred.

Gaddafi control

Col Gaddafi and those loyal to him remain in control of much of the west of the country, including the capital Tripoli, and have slowly fought their way eastwards towards the rebel bastion of Benghazi.

Tripoli

19 March: The capital remains firmly under the control of Gaddafi forces. Supporters of the Libyan leader stage rallies on a daily basis. Col Gaddafi gives interviews to TV channels, and his ministers are seen at news conferences.

However, some residents tell the BBC that a sense of fear and paranoia hangs over the Libyan capital, the country's main commercial centre and home to more than a million people. They say government forces have gone door-to-door rounding up suspected opposition figures and several people have simply disappeared. All telephone communications are being carefully monitored and the internet has been down for about two weeks, they say. Reliable information - aside from the government propaganda on state TV - is hard to come by, they add.
Sirte

19 March: Earlier this month, a relentless government barrage blocked rebels advancing east from Misrata towards Col Gaddafi's strategic hometown of Sirte. Pro-Gaddafi troops also surrounded the city from the west and south, residents said. Sirte is located halfway between the capital Tripoli and the rebel headquarters in Benghazi. It had become a symbolic prize targeted by the rebels. The city of 135,000 people is home to many ministerial headquarters and other government institutions.

Zawiya

19 March: Zawiya, a major oil refinery town just west of Tripoli, has been the scene of some of the heaviest clashes so far. In a joint statement on 18 March, the US, Britain and France called on Col Gaddafi to pull his troops out of Zawiya - along with Misrata and Ajdabiya - and to restore water, electricity and gas services in all areas.

Zawiya, just 50km (30 miles) west of Tripoli, was one of the few western places to rise against Col Gaddafi. The centre of the town has been completely devastated in the recent fighting. Last week, members of a team of journalists from BBC Arabic who tried to reach Zawiya were captured, beaten and subjected to a mock execution.

Other towns

The rebels have also been defeated in the central towns of Bin Jawad, Ras Lanuf and Brega in the last two weeks, their mostly light weapons little match for Col Gaddafi's jets, tanks and army.

As Gaddafi forces pushed east from Sirte into rebel-held territory, Bin Jawad fell on 7 March, followed by the key oil town of Ras Lanuf - one of the main revenue-generating centres in the country - on 12 March and Brega a day later.

In the west, near Libya's border with Tunisia, the small town of Zuwara fell to pro-Gaddafi forces on 15 March, after government forces attacked the rebels with tanks. Security forces were then trying to round up anyone suspected of links to the rebels, a resident said.

Rebel control

Rebels quickly seized control of many towns in the east of the country as protests swept across Libya in February, but have since found themselves losing their grip on many of them.

This part of the country has traditionally been opposed to Col Gaddafi's rule, and large elements of the military switched to the rebel side. But Col Gaddafi's army have far greater resources, including an airforce, and have pushed the rebels back.

On Saturday, 19 March, forces loyal to Col Gaddafi began attacking Benghazi, the main rebel base and a city of more than 670,000 people.

With the battle for Benghazi under way, only the towns to east of it - including Bayda, Derna and Tobruk, near the border with Egypt - remain under rebel control. However, if Benghazi were to fall, these would appear defenceless.

Recent clashes

Clashes between rebels and Gaddafi loyalists have occurred at a number of locations along the coast. The rebels are generally poorly organised and not as well armed as the Gaddafi military formations. However, they have kept up their struggle despite some setbacks.

Benghazi

19 March: Reports from Benghazi say forces loyal to Col Gaddafi are bombarding the city with rockets and heavy artillery. Reliable sources spoke of a pattern of loud explosions consistent with bombardment from tanks. Earlier, a fighter aircraft crashed inside the city, though it was unclear what had brought it down.

Hundreds of Benghazi residents have started to flee eastward, the AFP news agency reports, and information is scarce as some journalists have left the area for Tobruk, one of the easternmost towns, near the Libyan border with Egypt.

Pro-Gaddafi troops launched their first air raids on the rebel stronghold on Thursday. Benghazi is Libya's second city and in effect the rebel headquarters. Civilians set up the Transitional National Council there and have declared it the sole representative of the country.

Ajdabiya

19 March: Fighting raged around the disputed town of Ajdabiya on Friday, but rebels appeared to be holding out despite advances by government forces. Rebel leaders said that forces loyal to Col Gaddafi were hemming in the town on three sides, and shelling small villages on its outskirts. At least 30 people are said to have been killed in recent days and scores wounded. Many rebels have fled, but others have deployed heavy weapons and at least one fighter jet to push back government troops.

Ajdabiya is the last settlement of any size in the east on the road to Benghazi.

Misrata

19 March: Misrata - Libya's third-largest city and the last held by rebels in the west - has come under sustained assault despite the ceasefire announcement, residents say. Forces loyal to Col Gaddafi were firing artillery shells into the city on Saturday and water supplies were still cut off, a resident told Reuters news agency. Col Gaddafi's snipers were on rooftops and his forces were searching homes for rebels, a doctor told the Associated Press. He said he had counted 25 deaths at his hospital since Friday morning.

French military jets patrolling skies over Libya

A French Dassault Rafale combat aircraft,
seen in this photo released by ECPAD (French Defence communication and audiovisual production agency), takes off from Saint-Dizier military base, eastern France, March 19, 2011, on a mission to overfly Libya.

PARIS — As the international community launched aerial military missions against Libya on Saturday, Prime Minister Stephen Harper said the action amounts to an “act of war” that is critical to remove Moammar Gadhafi from power before he massacres any more of his own people.

Harper made the comments after an emergency summit of world leaders who had gathered to discuss how they will implement a United Nations-sanctioned no-fly zone to prevent Gadhafi’s suppression of civilians.

The coalition wasted no time, with French jets becoming the first, on Saturday, to begin enforcing the no-fly zone.

It was the first step in the largest international military exercise in the Arab world since the Iraq war.

A French Dassault Rafale combat aircraft is seen in this photo released by ECPAD (French Defence communication and audiovisual production agency) as it prepares to take off from Saint-Dizier military base, eastern France, March 19, 2011, on a mission to overfly Libya. Photograph by: Supplied, Reuters

The coalition has pledged to not resort to a ground invasion, hoping instead to use its military air support to help the anti-Gadhafi forces topple the dictator who has ruled Libya for 42 years.

The prime minister acknowledged that the military operation will be complex and could lead to casualties among the very civilians that nations are trying to protect, and perhaps among the military personnel being sent to Libya.

“We should not kid ourselves. Whenever you engage in military action — essentially acts of war — these are difficult situations,” Harper said.

“And we will have to monitor this very closely and be very careful what we do every step of the way.”

Canada has committed six CF-18 fighter jets, and a contingent of 140 pilots and support personnel. They have arrived in the region and a government spokesman said they could be ready within two days to participate in the aerial missions.

Harper stressed that Canada and its allies have no authorization to commit ground forces to the operation, nor do they have plans to do so.

“These campaigns are complicated and one cannot promise perfection. One cannot promise there will not be casualties on our side, either. But obviously, all precautions will be taken to minimize our own casualties and minimize those of innocent civilians.”

Nonetheless, Harper spoke forcefully about the need for people to understand what the alternative is if the international community does not intervene in the civil war now raging in Libya.

“We’re dealing with an individual and with a regime that will not be satisfied with the mere re-imposition of authority. The nature of this leader and the nature of his regime is they will massacre every single individual they even remotely suspect of disloyalty. This is an intolerable situation.”

The summit Saturday was hastily organized by French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Among those in attendance were British Prime Minister David Cameron, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and the leaders of the Arab League and African Union.

Sarkozy emerged from the summit with a pointed warning for Gadhafi: military jets had begun patrolling the Libyan skies and the intervention wouldn’t end until the ruler’s aggression ends.

“Arab people have chosen to free themselves,” he said. “It is our duty to respond to their anguished appeal.”

Sarkozy stressed that the international coalition now intervening has no intention of determining Libya’s future, but rather to protect civilian lives.

“We are intervening in order to enable the Libyan people to decide (their) own destiny,” said Sarkozy.

“The doors of diplomacy will open once again when the aggression stops.”

The emergency meeting came as the situation in Libya became increasingly unpredictable and perilous.

A wide range of nations, including Canada, announced Friday that they will contribute military assets — such as fighter jets — to enforce a no-fly zone over Libyan skies.

And while Gadhafi’s regime had promised a ceasefire, there were indications on Saturday that the fighting was continuing in Libya, with reports that government forces were moving into the rebel-held city of Benghazi.

A military jet — flown either by the regime’s air force or the rebels — was shot down in the city.

Meanwhile, Gadhafi sent a public message to the leaders gathering in Paris that he is not going to back down from his military plans to crush the revolt in his country.

He said other nations were not entitled to intervene in Libyan affairs and would regret the actions they are planning to take.

“Libya is not yours, Libya is for all Libyans,” Gadhafi was quoted by his spokesman as saying in a letter to France, Britain and the United Nations.

“This is injustice, it is clear aggression, and it is uncalculated risk for its consequences on the Mediterranean and Europe.”

“You will regret it if you take a step toward intervening in our internal affairs.”

The government spokesman also quoted Gadhafi in another letter written to United States President Barack Obama, warning that he and all other Libyans were “prepared to die” in the defence of their country.

“If you had found them taking over American cities with armed force, tell me what you would do?” said Gadhafi’s spokesman, reading from the letter at a news conference in Tripoli.

As they met Saturday, the national leaders who have formed the international military coalition against Gadhafi came under pressure to move quickly in the coming days.

They have the blessing of the United Nations Security Council, which passed a resolution Thursday to impose a no-fly zone and to take “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians.

Little is known about how the military operation will evolve, but it’s expected the first steps will include attacks on Libyan air defences. It’s possible U.S. warships in the Mediterranean Sea would knock out Gadhafi’s radar and surface-to-air missile sites along Libya’s coastline.

That would clear the way for military jets to move in to strike any Libyan jets that are in the air. Moreover, it appears the coalition has the clearance to strike any Libyan military ground forces that are threatening civilians, including the rebels who have been doing battle with government forces.

Harper was accompanied at Saturday’s meeting by Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon and Gen. Walt Natynczyk, the chief of defence staff.

The United States has not yet announced the full nature of its military commitment, although it is known that besides the air power that eventually will be needed, there are American submarines and surface ships armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles within striking distance of Libya.

Britain and France are both sending fighter jets for the mission and Italy is providing the use of some of its airbases.

mkennedy@postmedia.com
Twitter.com/Mark Kennedy
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French military jet opens fire in Libya

French President Nicolas Sarkozy
announces military action against Col Gaddafi's forces in Libya

A French plane has fired the first shots in Libya as enforcement of the UN-mandated no-fly zone begins.

The UK prime minister later confirmed British planes were also in action, while US media reports said the US had fired its first Cruise missiles.

The action came hours after Western and Arab leaders met in Paris to agree how to enforce the UN resolution.

It allows "all necessary measures" to protect civilians from Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's forces.

'Stop the bombardment'

The French plane fired the first shot in Libya at 1645 GMT and destroyed its target, according to a military spokesman.

French planes also flew reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory", French military sources said earlier.

Around 20 French aircraft were involved in Saturday's operation, the Reuters news agency reports.

French jets "destroyed a number of tanks and armoured vehicles", a defence ministry official told Reuters, adding that he could not immediately confirm the number.

Other air forces and navies are expected to join the French.

The US would use its "unique capabilities" to reinforce the no-fly zone, said US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, warning that further delays would put more civilians at risk. However, Mrs Clinton said again that the US would not deploy ground troops in Libya.

A naval blockade is also being put in place, said Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. France is sending its Charles De Gaulle aircraft carrier to the Libyan coast, a military spokesman said.

In other developments:

* Italy has offered the use of seven of its military bases which already house US, Nato and Italian forces.

* Canada says its fighter jets have now reached the region but will need two days to prepare for any missions.

Earlier, pro-Gaddafi forces had attacked the rebel stronghold of Benghazi - although the Libyan government denied launching any assault.

The international community was intervening to stop the "murderous madness" of Col Gaddafi, Mr Sarkozy said.

"In Libya, the civilian population, which is demanding nothing more than the right to choose their own destiny, is in mortal danger," he warned. "It is our duty to respond to their anguished appeal."

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said Libya's claims to have implemented a ceasefire were "troubling", the AFP news agency reported.

The lack of confidence was so great that he did not trust what the Libyan leadership was saying, Mr Ban added.

Russia regretted the decision by Western powers to take military action, a foreign ministry spokesman said. Russia abstained from the UN vote on the Libya resolution, but did not use its veto.

The rebels' leader had earlier appealed to the international community to stop the bombardment by pro-Gaddafi forces.

A jet also appears to have been shot down over Benghazi. A rebel spokesman was quoted as saying the downed jet was a rebel plane.

Reports from Benghazi suggest hundreds of cars packed with people were fleeing eastwards as fighting spread.

The United Nations refugee agency says it is preparing to receive 200,000 people fleeing the fighting, amid reports of hundreds of cars full of people heading for the Egyptian border, while others are attempting to flee on foot.

The first families had arrived at the Egyptian border, extremely frightened and traumatised, saying some of their homes have been completely flattened said UNHCR spokeswoman Elizabeth Tan.

However, the BBC's Ben Brown, who is at the border, says so far there are a handful of families, in addition to the migrant workers who have been there since the crisis started.

Moon bigger, brighter

Lunar Perigee,Supermoon On 19 March 2011
221,567 miles Away Is Moon May lead To Earthquake,Tsunami,Volcanic Eruptions Biggest Full Moon in 18 Years Occurs Saturday Night

Newstalk ZB and ABC Science Online, Newstalk ZB and ABC Science Online
March 19, 2011

If you notice the moon looks different this weekend ... that's because it is.

The moon will appear bigger and brighter for the next few days...the biggest in fact for almost 20 years.

It's called a perigee moon when it's closest to earth and its orbit. It's some 31 thousand miles closer than when it's farthest away, meaning it'll look bigger and brighter than it has since 1993.

The next perigee moon isn't until 2029.

But experts are discounting predictions of earthquakes associated with the event.

The moon's orbit is elliptical, and as it follows its path one side of the ellipse, known as perigee, passes about 50,000 kilometres closer than the on the other side - apogee.

A perigee full moon appears around 14 per cent bigger and 30 per cent brighter than an apogee full moon.

Moonageddon fears put to rest

Geoffrey Wyatt from the Sydney Observatory says the upcoming full moon - which NASA's website says will be of "rare size and beauty" - will rise about 08.00 pm (AEDT) on Saturday.

But it becomes full on Sunday morning at 05.10 am (AEDT), one hour before lunar perigee.

"So, Sunday morning, those people who are up early or getting home super late, look to the west and you'll see the biggest moon for 18 years," Mr Wyatt said.

The last time the full moon was so big and close to Earth was in March 1993.

"You've got two cycles here. You've got 29-and-a-half days between full moons and then you've got 27 and a half days from apogee to apogee," Mr Wyatt said.

"That difference builds up and although you get a perigee every month, to get it at minimum distance takes about 18 years."

Perigee full moons also usually bring extra-high tides, but Daniel Jaksa, co-director of the joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre, says they will probably be a fraction of one per cent higher than normal.

Earthquake predictions

Meanwhile an Auckland-based mathematician known as the "Moonman", Ken Ring, has warned the perigee moon will cause another major earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Mr Ring claims he predicted Christchurch's deadly February 22 quake by studying the moon.

But Mr Wyatt says he would like to see some scientific proof to back the Mr Ring's claims.

"For a few weeks now we've been hearing people talk about 'Moonageddon'," he said.

"It's depressing to hear people saying this sort of thing. There is absolutely no evidence for a causal link between the phases of the moon and earthquake activity.

"It's something you might find in 'Tom's Backyard Mechanic's Book of Celestial Tomfoolery', but you're not going to find that in peer-reviewed journals."

Mr Jaksa agrees.

"You only have to look at the major energy source that's driving the tectonic process and it's not the moon," he said.

"It's the convection currents in the mantle as the Earth tries to cool down from its core outwards that drives plate tectonics."

Mr Wyatt says the claims are a symptom of the human condition.
"People blame things on the alignment of the planets because they want an explanation, but it's not the moon's fault," he said.



An enhanced image of the Moon taken with the NOAO Mosaic CCD camera
using two NSF telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory.
The Moon is superimposed on a separate image of the sky.


Source: SPACE.com: All about our solar system, outer space and exploration


The dazzling full moon sets behind the Very Large Telescope in Chile's Atacama Desert in this photo released June 7, 2010 by the European Southern Observatory.
The moon appears larger than normal due to an optical illusion of perspective.

Man rescued eight days after Japan quake

AFP and Reuters
March 19, 2011

OSAKA, Japan (AFP) - Rescuers pulled a man from the rubble of a destroyed building in northeast Japan on Saturday, eight days after a massive earthquake and tsunami, media reports said.

Japanese rescuers search through debris for bodies in Kesennuma, Miyagi prefecture. Rescuers pulled a young man from the rubble of a destroyed building in northeast Japan on Saturday, eight days after a massive earthquake and tsunami, public broadcaster NHK reported.

Public broadcaster NHK reported the man was rescued from a wrecked house in Kesennuma, Miyagi prefecture, and in a stable physical condition, but in a state of shock and unable to speak.

He was identified as Katsuharu Moriya, aged in his 20s, Kyodo News agency quoted the Self-Defense Forces as saying.

Moriya was found trapped on the second floor of the house and had wrapped himself in a blanket, Kyodo news agency said. He was conscious and his blood pressure and pulse were stable.

An earthquake survivor is carried into the Kesennuma City Hospital / AP / NHT TV via Kyodo News

He was found a day after authorities said they had ended the rescue phase of the post-earthquake operation and would be concentrating on clearing rubble and restoring limited services.

It was not immediately clear how the man survived in an area where overnight temperatures have plunged below freezing.

Nearly 7,000 people have been confirmed killed in the double natural disaster, which turned whole towns into waterlogged and debris-shrouded wastelands.

Another 10,700 people are missing with many feared dead.

U.S. accuses Gaddafi of violating U.N. resolution

Maria Golovnina and Michael Georgy
Reuters March 19, 2011

TRIPOLI (Reuters) - The United States accused Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi on Friday of defying international demands for an immediate cease-fire, hours after President Barack Obama said he faced military action if he did not comply.

A U.S. National Security official said Gaddafi's forces were continuing to advance towards the eastern rebel stronghold of Benghazi, despite a cease-fire announcement by the Libyan government earlier in the day.

In Benghazi, rebels said they feared an attack by Gaddafi's forces, while in the western rebel-held city Misrata, residents said they had faced a day of heavy bombing.

"All attacks against civilians must stop," Obama said, a day after the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution authorising international military intervention to protect civilians in Libya.

Underlining a commitment to provide protection to people across the country -- and not just in the rebel-held east -- Obama also specifically called on Gaddafi's forces to pull back from the western cities of Zawiyah and Misrata, as well as the eastern town of Ajdabiya:

"Gaddafi must stop his troops from advancing on Benghazi, pull them back from Ajdabiya, Misrata and Zawiyah, and establish water, electricity and gas supplies to all areas. Humanitarian assistance must be allowed to reach the people of Libya ...

"Let me be clear, these terms are not negotiable ... If Gaddafi does not comply ... the resolution will be enforced through military action."

His comments were echoed in a statement that Paris issued on behalf of the United States, Britain, France and Arab states.

GADDAFI TROOPS ADVANCING, OFFICIAL SAYS

In Washington, a national security official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said the troop movements by Gaddafi's forces towards Benghazi were "purposeful".

The assessment was based on official reporting reaching U.S. national security agencies in Washington, he said.

Asked by CNN whether Gaddafi was in violation of the U.N. resolution, the U.S. envoy to the United Nations, Susan Rice, said: "Yes, he is."

In Tripoli the government said there had been no bombing since it announced the cease-fire.

"We have had no bombardment of any kind since the cease-fire was declared," Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim told journalists when asked about reports of continued government operations in Misrata and other parts of the country.

Kaim said Libya was asking China, Germany, Malta and Turkey to send observers to monitor its adherence to the cease-fire.

A doctor in Misrata contacted by phone in the evening said there had been heavy bombing through the day.

"Now they are on the outskirts of the city and I can still hear bombing from time to time," he said.

Rebels in Benghazi dismissed Gaddafi's cease-fire declaration as a ruse.

"He is lying. His troops are advancing. We don't believe what Gaddafi says," said Mohammed Ishmael al-Tajouri, from the rebel coalition in Benghazi. "When he comes to Benghazi he will be fighting. There is no negotiating with Gaddafi."

French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe said everything was ready to launch military strikes in Libya. France and Britain have both been strong advocates of military action.

After embarking on wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the United States had insisted it would participate in rather than lead any military action. Obama said the United States would not deploy ground troops in Libya.

(Additional reporting by a Reuters reporter in Benghazi, Mariam Karouny and Tarek Amara in Tunisia, Louis Charbonneau and Patrick Worsnip at the United Nations and John Irish in Paris; writing by Myra MacDonald; Editing by Kevin Liffey)

Phan Châu Trinh

1872-1926 Phan Chu Trinh (Phan Châu Trinh) tự Tử Can, hiệu Tây Hồ, biệt hiệu Hy Mã, quê quán Quảng Nam sinh tháng 8 năm 1872. Đậu Phó Bảng năm 1901, Cụ được bổ làm quan ở Huế, nhưng đã từ quan theo đuổi cuộc cách mạng cải tiến dân sinh và dân trí với chủ trương “bất bạo động”. Cụ đã vận động và cổ súy phong trào Duy Tân, mở trường dạy học, truyền bá Quốc Ngữ, mở mang công thương nghiệp, theo nếp sống văn minh Âu Tây. Năm 1906, Cụ trốn qua Nhật theo phong trào Đông Du, nhưng bất đồng chính kiến với chủ trương bạo động của nhà Cách Mạng Phan Bội Châu, Cụ về nước tiếp tục hoạt động, bị Pháp bắt, bị triều đình Huế kết án tử hình, nhưng sau đó được giảm án đầy ra Côn Đảo. Năm 1911, sau khi được tha, Cụ Phan Chu Trinh sang Pháp. Cụ Phan bị bệnh mất ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 1926 tại Sài Gòn.

Chí Thành Không Thành Thánh Phan Châu Trinh 志誠通聖 世事迴頭已一空， 江山無淚泣英雄。 萬民奴隸強權下， 八古文章醉夢中。 長此百年甘唾罵， 不知何日出勞籠。 諸君未必無心血， 請向斯文看一通。 潘周楨 Thế sự hồi đầu dĩ nhất không, Giang sơn vô lệ khấp anh hùng. Vạn dân nô lệ cường quyền hạ, Bát cổ văn chương tuý mộng trung. Trường thử bách niên cam thoá mạ, Bất tri hà nhật xuất lao lung? Chư quân vị tất vô tâm huyết, Thỉnh hướng tư văn khan nhất thông.ooOoo Thế sự quay đầu chỉ thấy không, Giang sơn nào khóc anh hùng được đâu. Vạn dân nô lệ cho người dắt, Tám vế văn chương gửi giấc mòng. Nếu mãi chịu cam lời thoá mạ, Ngày nào ra khỏi chốn lao lung? Các anh đâu phải không tâm huyết, Xin đọc mấy lời chút cảm thông! *** Danh Sơn Lương Ngọc Việc đời ngoảnh lại thành không Còn đâu giọt lụy non sông khóc người Muôn dân luồn cúi tôi đòi Văn chương bát cổ say hoài giấc mơ Mặc ai chửi rủa tha hồ, Xích xiềng này biết bao giờ tháo xong? Anh em còn chút máu nồ Hãy đem văn ấy đọc cùng nhau nghe.